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Sunday, March 31, 2024

Relationship between Artificial Intelligence and Leadership

I recently attended the Healthcare Information Management Systems and Society (HIMSS) 2024 conference in Orlando, Florida. As the Global Head of Agile Strategy, I represented Inflectra corporation looking up for learning about the growing influence of information systems in the healthcare space. It was wonderful to see the various improvements in the healthcare space in pre-clinical, clinical, and post-clinical stages of drug development, various healthcare and life sciences spaces like ambulatory care, hospital management, emergency care, neonatal and pediatric spaces, and endless array of devices and software products that support these areas. 

One thing that I saw written in many of the sessions, keynotes, exhibitors, and conversations among the attendees was the influence of artificial intelligence. Unlike many other audiences, these discussions were not just on large language models or generative artificial intelligence but also on deep machine learning algorithms within their line of work. While people talked about training data, prompt engineering, privacy and security considerations, there were only a very handful of sessions that I can count in my one hand that I was exposed where people talked about digital ethics or leadership. 

One of the expert panel speakers at the onset of the conference keynote commented about Steve Polack's quote, "... before talking about artificial intelligence, let us talk about natural stupidity!" History has taught that there has been a lot of lessons learned but we still continue to learn the same mistakes due to personal egos, bias, labeling, stereotyping, and plain unwillingness to learn. This is one of the reasons why I even say, "Common sense isn't common!"  Therefore, if we take the evolution of people compared to the growth of technology, people have lived longer in relation to technology and yet lack perfection! Then, how can we expect technology to be perfect? 

This is the fundamental reason why we need leadership. Every time people rush to do something, it is the leadership from everyone that puts the checks and balances required in the processes to ensure the right thing is done. For every change, including but not limited to what artificial intelligence brings, it is not about whether you like that change or not, but it is about the rate at which we adopt it successfully. In a couple of sessions, there were experts referring to cases where the ChatGPT based solution was not successful because there was not a clear business case and that leadership and AI governance were mandatory for AI to be successful ever. We talk about business case as a strategy document balancing the benefits with the risks and how the strategy aligns with the vision (that is from an "as is" state to the "to be" state). Such a business case is not made up of just plain technical experiments without a solid use case to support the business. 

Furthermore, the closing keynotes focused on how 'advanced technology' does not necessarily mean technical elements alone but require strategic considerations for legality and ethics. Embedded deeply in these thoughts is the need for the leadership (not just the people at the top but also the middle management such as product, project, account, program, portfolio, process, technology, HR, etc.) to partner, engage, collaborate and knowledge-share with multiple stakeholders garnering support for the strategy and vision in the business case. This may additionally involve how to crowdsource fund differentiating between investment and funding schedules while simultaneously managing the in-house talent for capacity, transition, and succession planning! I believe if people are not engaged to lead and manage their processes, technology alone will not yield a solution. And, if we don’t think this way, we are not managing risks effectively and efficiently. Don't wonder why quality suffers in this case!

These thoughts are much more than just focusing on Agile and DevOps thinking as part of AI based experiments baked into iterations and spikes. I firmly believe that the ways of working is integrating two big frameworks in today's digital transformation. This integration involves both the middle management frameworks (like portfolio, program, product, and project) with the software development lifecycle (SDLC). So, instead of getting mixed up with plan-driven, adaptive, and hybrid ways of working that is equally important to both these frameworks, we should focus on "Product Application Lifecycle Management" (PALM, in my mind) that brings the frameworks together using multi-artifact traceability and auditability.  As I always say, enterprise business agility is not shifting left and shifting right alone but it is also about shifting up and down. That is how value flows - both vertically and horizontally. 

As a part-time assistant teaching professor at Northeastern University, I can tell that not every graduate courses in digital marketing, informatics, project management, software engineering, and business schools even mandate a good understanding of leadership. In fact, sometimes, project management graduates can't articulate the requirements of a contract or the procurement guidelines. Having trained many professionals for certifications furthermore outside the teaching engagements, I feel that even these tenured working professionals or those holding Certified Scrum Master can't understand the ingredients of servant leadership. 

We are the cusp of a major change just like Internet or Telephony made waves once changing the landscape of how we work. We have one more opportunity to write history in leading the AI wave on how we work or will work in future. At this juncture, paying attention only to the technology aspects alone or yield to comfort zones of known technical tools alone is a sure prescription for failure. If we know the principles of leadership, then, we can develop the right AI based solutions ensuring digital ethical principles like beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy are protected further ensuring that we monitor the AI's ability to explain itself identifying model drifts and hallucinations. 

Let us join force in learning more about leadership first and technology next. 

Thoughts?  Please share your comments. 

Friday, February 23, 2024

Demystifying Technical Project Myths

I had the opportunity to facilitate training for a graduate class where there was an interesting discussion about defining technical projects. Now, the discussions were really inspiring and we discussed a number of different characteristics such as novel use of emerging 4th Industrial Evolution related technologies playing a critical role in creating a unique product, service, or result.  At the same time, there were also some definitions of technical projects that need to be debunked. 

Now, one of the promising unbiased definition of a technical project is that technology is used in achieving the project goals that otherwise are not possible or would take time. It is imperative that we don't limit ourselves that "technology" itself is the use of "information technology". In fact, technology is broadly defined as the application of scientific knowledge or a structured approach to realize an objective. For instance, brainstorming ideas can apply the concepts of design thinking, Delphi techniques, nominal group technique or many other forms such as the 6-3-5 technique (Rajagopalan, 2020). In these brainstorming approaches, a technical tool can be used but not always necessary. 

A few things that I would like to consider incorrect for defining a technical project are the following:

  • Only technical projects have risks
    • Risk is any uncertain event that can positively or negatively impact a project. So, it does not distinguish whether the project is technical or not. If the wrong hypothesis was chosen as the null hypothesis in a scientific project, it is a concept risk that impacts the project's schedule.
  • Technical projects always have shorter timeframe
    • This idea is coming from the application of adaptive approaches (e.g.: Agile or Scrum) in technical projects. The reason for shorter timeframe in adaptive approaches to facilitate faster feedback from the users who may not always not what they want or may have changes in the upcoming iterations. Progressive elaboration has been present in project management frameworks for quite some time and the amount of time given for feedback facilitation is up to the project. 
  • Using Jira makes the project technical
    • While Jira is an example here, the use of any tool for requirements, test cases, risks, defects, and any other artifacts used in a project does not make a project technical. By that definition, any project documenting its goals and objectives in Microsoft Word should call that project as a technical project.
  • Non-Tech projects do not use technology
    • As mentioned before, technology is the methodical approach of using a technique. A project may use a technical tool like soil analysis to evaluate if a small campsite can be strongly established for training local students on agriculture. The project may be a non-tech project but uses technology.
  • Non-Tech projects do not need special talent
    • This is a biased statement thinking that special talent applies to people with advanced computer technology, data science, etc. A plumber, electrician, auto-mechanic, creative artist, musician, linguist, journalist, or market research specialist are all equally qualified special talent. Let us not forget the numerous specialty vocational schools that prepare people many skills and competencies we take for granted. 
  • Quality is not relevant in non-tech projects
    • This is a biased statement thinking manual testing, automated testing, robotic process automation, and a number of other quality control and quality assurance related professions that has emerged. Quality is a function of risk (Rajagopalan, 2023) and wherever there is a project, there is risk. So, to say that quality is limited only to technical projects and further more not relevant in non-technical projects is losing the foundations of total quality management principles.
  • Cost is not relevant to agile projects
    • This is a false thinking primarily because people don't incorporate cost based decisions in their usual iteration/sprint planning. There is a cost to every iteration (Rajagopalan, 2019). Most often, people are not working free in most of the professional projects except in the volunteer settings where people volunteer their time. Even in such cases, the opportunity cost of working on a feature that is less customer focused than the feature the customer wants is always at the epicenter of MVP (Minimum Viable Product) discussions as part of risk-adjusted prioritization in product planning. 

Thoughts? Love your comments.

References

Rajagopalan, S. (2020). Alternative Idea Generation: 6-3-5 technique. https://agilesriram.blogspot.com/2020/01/alternative-idea-generation-6-3-5.html  

Rajagopalan, S. (2019). Agile iterations also involve cost. https://agilesriram.blogspot.com/2019/04/test-post.html

Rajagopalan, S. (2023). Quality is a function of risk. https://agilesriram.blogspot.com/2023/03/quality-is-function-of-risk.html

Tuesday, January 30, 2024

Servant Leadership: Demystify the Agile Scrum Scaled Agile misconceptions

Repeatedly, I kept hearing people that I tutor, train, and coach as well as people in the Agile, Scrum, and Scaled Agile communities like SAFe mentioning the role of a scrum master, agile coach, or Release Train Engineer is to be a servant leader. On multiple occasions, I asked what they meant by being a servant leader or if they could name the ten characteristics of a servant leader. Frequently, however, people mentioned that they should guide the team, manage the backlog, and align with value stream mapping, etc! Is that what "Servant Leadership" is? No. Never once I heard anyone clearly articulate the ten characteristics of the servant leader. 

So, what is the Agile, Scrum, and Scaled Agile communities preaching? Does attending a Scrum Master certification or accruing multiple certifications in this space make one a competent servant leader? If so, there must be so many competent servant leaders changing the world and not thinking of the team or the organization alone. Servant Leadership is not just a lip service to the team or business ideas like value, benefits, outcomes, etc. 

In fact, if you look at the original proposal by Robert Greenleaf (1977) on Servant leadership definition, it provided a new way of looking at "leadership." Greenleaf asserted that "The best test is: Do those served grow as persons? Do they, while being served, become healthier, wiser, freer, more autonomous, more likely themselves to become servants?" (1977/2002, p. 27; Spears, 2010). Furthermore, Greenleaf asked servant leaders to evaluate their "leadership" effect on the least privileged society on whether the society at large will benefit not be further deprived of the benefits they deserve?  

While I was leading one of the projects early in project management career in 1998, I asked in one of the status meetings what else I could do for the team. My manager, Beth Hokanson, suggested that I instead train myself to ask, "how may I help you?" She was not a Certified Scrum Master! But, she enabled me to think differently. I observed her in many initiatives, such as the Y2K program, walk the talk. Such ideas of promoting one to think differently (individual consideration) providing guidelines such as asking to look into project management certifications (intellectual stimulation), giving 1-1 coaching at times when I had some challenges (inspirational motivation) are the reasons why I look up to her (idealized influence) even now when I am not in 'constant contact.' These are the foundational principles (4 I's) of the Transformational Leadership for scrum master, product owners, and project managers. 

Depending upon the extent of maturity and the level of guidance required, situational leadership will be the next one to consider for scaling agile and scrum in organizations. The situational leadership takes into account the extent of direction required and supportive behavior distinguishing four styles of leadership to practice. This includes directing, coaching, supporting, and delegating. This approach is contingency based and hence extends the transformational leadership (4 I's) for Program Managers, Chief Scrum Master (for SoS) and Team Level Coaches. 

But, if one thinks about these powerful thoughts Greenleaf advanced, it definitely starts with 'servant' first! That means, one should exercise transformational leadership at the team level to make them become better versions of themselves as well contribute towards the organizational objectives! Yet, only when one thinks beyond the team and the organization. The focus should not be how their product serve the community but how they serve the community. This is where their ethical obligations further carry them forward into the larger society (beyond corporate strategies) into local or global leadership. Writing books, blogging to share their stories, speaking in communities, and volunteering are examples of how they carry the mission. For instance, connecting with 'beneficence" (effect on least privileged society) and "non-maleficence" (will they be deprived of the deserving benefits?) are examples the servant leaders can think of the larger society in the solutions they design (Rajagopalan, 2020).   

Spears (2010) synthesizes Greenleaf's (1977/2002) thoughts of the ten characteristics of the servant leader. 
  1. Listening: Here, it is not listening to respond but listing to learn, differentiate said and unsaid things (Rajagopalan, 2017) and self-reflect with a goal towards improving oneself.
  2. Empathy: Covey (1987) already emphasized "Seek to understand before being understood" and Empathy therefore is action oriented. It is not feeling sorry for something but taking actions to leave the world in a better place than what you found. 
  3. Healing: Being able to connect with oneself is paramount to managing others and leading the society. One can find connections with Emotional Intelligence dimensions here. Being able to forgive oneself and not linger in the post purifies one's mind to see the world differently. As the old saying goes, "we all see the world not the way it is but the way we are!"
  4. Awareness: Bringing thought leadership and market awareness together, they think beyond the status quo and integrates ethics and values in the decision-making. 
  5. Persuasion: Social scientists discuss the various levels of power that the project management community also adopted (Gemmill & Thamhain, 1974). These power levels include formal (legitimate), reward, penalty (coercive), expert, and referential powers. One's ability to establish the required trustworthy relationships make their expert and referential powers persuade others (especially as they lobby the organization and the stakeholders in the society for a larger cause).
  6. Conceptualization: Delivering the right solutions the right way at the right time is a critical consideration for servant leaders who both think strategically outside the box (has a huge foresight to dream BHAG) but also focus on tactical operational excellence. 
  7. Foresight:  Servant leaders, by their very nature, are comfortable in the VUCA world continuously learning from experiences and still with a childlike curiosity. The serenity prayer "Give me the serenity to accept the things I can't change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference" comes to my mind in defining this characteristics. 
  8. Stewardship: Standing on top of all the previous characteristics, the stewardship is 'leading the world' by 'walking the talk' for the larger society! Without ethical guidelines baked into one's character, it is not possible to be a steward!
  9. Commitment to People's Growth: This is where I said servant leaders go beyond lip service by committing themselves to everyone's growth. This is also the reason that the transformational leadership is the platform that is integral to servant leadership because practicing the 4I's in the microcosm of a team makes them excel in practicing them well in the macrocosm of the society as the situation warrants. 
  10. Building Community: As the popular saying goes, "Change yourself, and you will change the world," I believe servant leaders change the world by creating, building, rebuilding, and empowering communities. Everyone is responsible for shaping the world that we live in.   

So, servant leadership is a lot bigger than managing the scrum team or product backlog. It truly brings the best in us every day towards the betterment of the work life, home life, and the larger society!

What are your thoughts? Please share.

References

Covey, S. (1987). The 7 habits of highly effective people. New York: Simon & Shuster.

Gemmill, G. R. & Thamhain, H. J. (1974). The effectiveness of different power styles of project managers in gaining project support. Project Management Quarterly, 5(1), 21–28.

Greenleaf, R.K. (1977/2002). Servant-Leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. 

Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1969). Life cycle theory of leadership. Training & Development Journal.

Rajagopalan, S. (2017). Listening with Eyes. https://agilesriram.blogspot.com/2017/04/listening-with-eyes.html

Rajagopalan. S. (2020). Artificial Intelligence Solutions: Four Considerations extended from Digital Bioethics. https://agilesriram.blogspot.com/2020/09/artificial-intelligence-solutions-four.html